A comprehensive description of countermarks and countermarked coins. The book continues the study published in "Countermarks on Ottoman Coins" , but it can be used equally as well as a book on its own. Moreover, as the number of so far unknown countermarks increased, as numerous drawings were improved and reading errors could be eliminated.

The catalogue covers the period foll owing the reform of silver Dirhams introduced by Abdel Malik bin Marwan in AH 78 or 79 until the fall of the Umayyad Dynasty in AH 132/133 in the Eastern Caliphate. It includes all Dirhams which have been published or are known to exist to date. The coins are catalogued by mint, following the Arabic alphabet, and year of the Hirja (AH) in the manner of John Walker's "A Catalogue of the Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Umaiyad Coins". Each dirham in this catalogue is given: catalogue number, The mint name and AH year in Englis The weight and diameter of the coi The mint name and AH year in modern Arabic, but with original Kufic spelling, Any difference to the description of the dirham noted in the previous paragraph including diacritical point The annulets counted in a clockwise directio A photograph of each coin, The references.

With this book an attempt was made to collect all of the known countermarks from the course of the six centuries of the Ottoman Empire and present them as faithfully as possible through the use of line drawings and photographs. The book also combines the research of previous scholars of the subject published until the end of 1994 and complements this with authors own knowledge and research. Through his efforts the author hopes to have achieved the most comprehensive understanding of their significance. The countermarks struck since 1880 by Greek communities and churches on obselete Ottoman copper coins take up the first and by far the largest part of this book. The second part deals with all other countermarks that have ever played a role in the Ottoman Empire from its earliest days onwards. These two parts are supplemented by a third dealing with contemporary and modern forgeries of countermarks and the fourth and last part is devoted to assay marks found on coin imitations which have often been confused with genuine countermarked coins.

This volume contains just under 750 coins of the pre-reform period from all parts of the Islamic world. It is particularly strong in the Arab-Sasansian silver and Arab-Byzantine gold and copper issues. The two introductory sections represent significant contributions in the field. They offer the first comprehensive analysis of the monetary history of the early Islamic period since Walker's pioneering catalogues of the British Museum collections and are intended to serve as an introduction for the non-specialist as well as the numismatist. The material is arranged by mint and chronologically within mints.

This volume contains nearly 1800 coins of the 13th -19th centuries from Iran, Afganistan and neighbouring lands. It covers the following dynasties: lkhanid, Timurid, Qara Quyunlu, Aq Quyunlu, Safavid, Qaja, Durrani and Barakzay. The introduction offers not only a guide to the catalogue, but also sets out an agenda for the study of the monetary history of the period. Late medieval Iranian coinage offers the historian the earliest opportunity to examine the relationship between coinage issue in the Islamic world and the monetary policies, which underlie them. The collections which contribute to this volume are all housed in the Heberden coin room, Ashmolean Museum. The most important of these is undoubtedly that part of the Thorburn collection which was acquired by the coin Room in 1966. The material is arranged as in SICA volume 10 (Arabia and East Africa), that is, by mint and chronologically within mints.

The idea of this book is not to teach Arabic, after reading this you will not be able to go out and hold a conversation in Arabic; but you will have got the start you need towards an understanding of coins inscribed in Arabic. Only a small selection of legends can be looked at in a book like this and simplification is the key to it. The illustrations are blown-up to show the legends more clearly. Hopefully the reader, as a result of working through this book, will have whetted the appetite for further research into Arabic coins.

"The historic legacy of a people both creates and sustains its culture, providing guidance to meet the challenges of today and a foundation upon which the future can be faced with confidence. The conservation and development of this national resource thus enables a people to transmit the wisdom and accomplishments of its past to future generations. It is well known that civilisation is much more than mere bricks and mortar; it is the quality of spirit and scientific knowledge living in the people who influence the shape of the world around us that maintains an environment where the individual can express his talents for the good of his fellow men. This cannot be achieved without an awareness and appreciation of his cultural heritage. With this conception in mind, I planned to form a collection of the gold coins of the world of Islam and then have them described and illustrated to give pleasure and benefit to both Arab and foreign readers. It is unfortunate that this subject is so little known, because these coins are not only a true and accurate record of Muslim achievement, but they are also objects of religious faith and beauty which deserve care and protection. I hope therefore, that by examining the pages in this book others will become interested in Islamic coins. It is essential that this research, imperfect as it may be, should be carried on by others if we are to derive the real benefit that this knowledge can bring to scholars and others with intellectual interests".

The present book is but a survey when compared with the many volumes that would be required to compile a detailed catalogue. Attention has been given to selecting material that provides a representative cross-section of Islamic coinage, including both commonly encountered issues and the emissions of minor dynasties whose Emirs only struck a scanty coinage. The coins catalogued here are nearly all being published for the first time and although many of the issues are well known there are also a substantial number of new issues as well as some rulers and even dynasties not previously known to have struck coins. Some of the mints represented here are also of interest and a few dates call for minor revisions of existing chronologies. The coins themselves are all in private hands and to this extent the selection of material reflects both the availability of coins and also collectors' preferences. The element of availability is important insofar as it is influenced by the composition of various coin hoards that have come onto the market during recent years. Several such recent hoards have produced a) the Samanid-Ghaznavid multiple dirhems of Northern Afghanistan, b) a series of Timurid - Ak Koyunlu tankahs that includes many countermarked specimens, c) a series of late Urtukid silver dirhems, d) a series of silver tankahs of the earlier Bengal Sultans. A number of these classes of coin, particularly those in the first three groups, were poorly represented in most of the major Catalogues of Islamic coinage. On the other hand inspection of Museum Catalogues. Most of which were compiled several decades ago, provides a somewhat different spectrum of coinage reflecting the coin hoards and collecting preferences of earlier years.

Bahrain and the Development of Trade before the Invention of Coinage; The Development of Coinage up to the Birth of the Prophet; Coinage in the time of the Prophet and in the Early Centuries of the Muslim Community; Coinage in a Period of Political Diversity in the Muslim World; The Coming of the Mongols and the Rise of Trading States in Italy; The First Appearance of Europeans in the Gulf and the Rise of the Three Great Islamic Empires; The Decline of the Three Great Islamic Empires and the Rise of Local Consciousness in the Arabian Peninsula; From the arrival of the Al Khalifa Family with the Discovery of Oil in Bahrain; Coinage and Currency in Bahrain in the four decades between the Discovery of Oil and the Establishment of the Bahrain Monetary Agency; The Establishment of the Bahrain Monetary Agency and its Role as the Central Monetary Institution of the state; Important dates in the Monetary History of Bahrain.

"The Ottoman Empire stood at the crossroads of intercontinental trade at the dawn of capitalism. This volume examines the monetary history of that empire from its beginnings in the fourteenth century until the end of the First World War. Through a detailed examination of the currencies and related institutions of an empire which stretched from the Balkans through Anatolia, Syria, Egypt and the Gulf to the Maghrib, the book demonstrates the complexity of the monetary arrangements and their evolution in response to both local developments and global economic forces. Currency debasements, inflation and the ensuing popular opposition are studies in a political economic framework. The volume also affords valuable insights into social and political history and the evolution of Ottoman institutions. This is an important book by one of the most distinguished economic historians in the field".

London, 1980. 350 pages, 50 plates. Casebound. Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication No.12. "The coinage of Saladin and his successors in the Fertile Crescent and Arabia is among the most complex and interesting of the medieval Islamic world. It comprises gold dinars developed from the Fatimid model, silver dirhams of various patterns and standards, and coppers certain of which show human and animal figures like those of contemporary Turkoman states. The author brings together material from the major public and private collections of the world in a comprehensive catalogue of this coinage. He also studies the historical and economic background to the issues; their metrology and fineness; the mint network; and the way in which the types reflect the ebb and flow of relations between the nominal head of the Ayyubid state in Egypt, his relatives ruling the numerous principalities of Syria, Mesopotamia and the Yemen, and outside powers such as the Seljuqs of Rum.

During recent years a substantial number of these large medieval Moslem silver coins have been appearing on the open market, first in Kabul and then in Tehran and Western Europe. These coins were struck in north-eastern Afghanistan by the Samanid and then the Ghaznavid dynasts who controlled the region during the tenth century AD. Until their recent appearance in large numbers these were rare coins known only from a handful of specimens. Two requirements have helped to shape this article; firstly, the need to describe and classify the various issues of multiple dirhems and secondly, the need to try and define the context in which they were issued and the reasons why the Samanid dynasts adopted this peculiar form of coinage in a particular region of their domain. How successfully these requirements have been fulfilled will be left to the reader to judge.

56 pages, 18 plates, text illustrations. Card covers. The purpose of this work is to present all available information concerning the countermarks struck in the Ottoman Empire from about 1880 until the end of the Sultanate. From the available data, it is known that countermarks were struck by religious institutions and by municipalities. It is possible that other public institutions and perhaps even private enterprises may have struck them, but so far no information in this respect is available. At a number of localities coins were countermarked both by the municipality and the church. Countermarks are known in Turkish, Greek (perhaps some Cyrillic letters are used for other languages), Latin, Hebrew and Armenian. Possibly some countermarks are monograms, and others are just emblems, such countermarks, with the exception of the Turkish emblems are listed under the headings of 'various', which also embodies other countermarks which have been difficult to decipher and cannot be identified. About two thirds of the countermarks are Greek. A brief note has been given in the introduction to the various categories about the purpose of the countermarks including comments on some of the individual countermarks.

144 pages; illustrated throughout in colour. Cloth. Published by Spink on behalf of the Central Bank of Oman to mark the occasion of Oman's twentieth National Day and the anniversary of the accession of His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Sa'id. The story of Oman's currency is developed century by century complemented by superb colour illustrations of the coins and banknotes.

(vi), lxxxii, 68 pages, coloured map, folding chart, 9 plates. Card covers. Limited to 100 hand-numbered copies. Markow's catalogue of the Jalayrid coinage is still the best available description of the coins struck by this little-known Dynasty. Although the book is in Russian, the coin legends themselves are given in Arabic and can be linked to the excellently-produced plates without difficulty, which makes it a valuable aid to identification and cataloguing. It includes a useful historical introduction for those who are fluent in Russian. This Facsimilie reprint is on high quality paper, with clear copies of the original plates and a three-colour map.

vi, 305 (1); 30 plates. Cloth. Limited to 300 copies. A photographic reproduction of this work on the Crimean Tartars which remains one of the few and by far the best in any language.

liv, 374 pages. 4 plates. Cloth. Although published over a century ago, Tiesenhausen's catalogue is still very important for the numismatic history of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. The text is in Russian, with coin legends in Arabic and many hand-drawn illustrations of individual coins. Limited to 100 hand-numbered copies.

1998. 422 pages, 4 plates, 1 map. Card covers. For a long time I have had the wish to see the 'Abbasid copper coins fully catalogued and published. Much had been written about the Umayad Copper, but little has been published about the 'Abbasid copper coins to date. It is the Byzantine follis that had the most important influence on 'Abdul Malik's Post Reform (copper) fals which resulted in the extensive publications of the Umayad fulus but lamentably no attempt at a comprehensive study of 'Abbasid copper coins has so far been made and no comprehensive catalogue of the extant 'Abbasid fulus has so far been published. Of the 'Abbasid copper coins the least has been written. Numismatists and historians are indebted to Henry Lavoix, Stanley Lane-Poole, George Miles, Abdul Rahman and Abraham Udovitch for the extant well-known works on 'Abbasid copper coins. It is the time to put their works together, fill in the gaps and assess the whole anew. It is with a view to produce such a study and publish a somewhat complete collection that this book is made. It is not reasonable to claim that my list is one hundred percent complete, but I am satisfied that it reflects a very high percentage of the output of the 'Abbasid mints in the Islamic world. It has also been impossible to illustrate every specimen. Yet in order to appreciate the smallest details of their style, selected pieces have been shown in enlargement. Much more interesting material can be expected from futute excavations. This book is an introduction for further writings.

Buyid Coinage, A die corpus (322-445 A.H.). Oxford, 2001. xxxix (1) 247 (1) pages, 172 plates (4). Cloth. This is a catalogue of medieval Iraqi and Iranian coinage, struck by the buyid dynasty during the 10-11th centuries A.D. The coinage was struck in the regions of Fars, Kirman, Uman, Khuzistan, Iraq, the Jibal and the Caspian region. The series is of interest because it is one of the earliest and most plentiful regional coinages of the post-modern Islamic world. It dispalys an exceptional diversity of fabric, morphology and inscriptional content. The catalogue draws on all the major public collections of Islamic coinage in the western world, as well as several private collections and includes several thousand coins. It describes and illustrates every die which has been indentified as belonging to the series and represents a new departure in the field of Islamic numismatics, which hitherto has not produced any large scale studies. The density of coverage will provide the basis for analysis of several historical problems of a monetary and political nature which have not yet been examined.

"Mangir" Osmanli Imparatorlugu Bakir Paralari. Copper Coins of the Ottoman Empire 1299-1808. 1998. Xii, 564 pages; 3 coloured maps; 1,200 drawings in the text, 69 plates. Casebound. This publication is an important addition to Ottoman numismatics and will be appreciated by Museum curators, archaeologists, dealers and collectors concerned with Islamic coinage and the complex coinage of the Ottoman Empire. An indispensable work.

2000. 208 pages, 15 plates. Card covers. This volume is associated with the research project 'Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidorum' carried out by the Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften and the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. It is a survey of copper coinage minted during the first hundred and fifty years of Arabic domination in regions previously under Sasanian rule. The value of Arab-Sasanian copper coinage lies in the variety of its iconography and in the content of the inscriptions which provide evidence of the political and cultural fermentation in regions previously under Sasanian hegemony after the Arab conquest. The Arab-Sasanian copper coins serve as evidence to the determination of the Iranians to retain signs of their cultural identity and the desire of the Arabs to articulate their Muslim faith in a region where an older cultural and religious ideology remains strong. The available corpus contains approximately 330 coins, from which more than 150 different types can be distinguished. These are described and illustrated in the catalogue, which is supplemented by a synopsis in order to give a clear picture of the iconographic repetoire of these coin issues. Some of the coin